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Principle_2_9-12, 2b. Accretion and Weathering Weathering is the decomposition of rocks, soils and their minerals through physical, chemical, and biological processes., 2c. Biochemical cycling in the ocean Ocean carbon cycle, CO2 can remain as is or can be converted into carbonate (CO3-2), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When these organisms die, they sink to the ocean floor where they form sedimentary rocks (limestone), fossil fuels (coal, oil, oil shale, and natural gas), and organic matter (humus) found in soil., 2a. Coastal areas The composition, slope, and shape of beaches vary., About 99% of beach sediments are either terrigenous (mineral sediments originating from land) or biogenous (produced by living things) Wave action carries smaller silts and clays to deeper water where sand and large sediments are converted into sedimentary rock and then thrust above sea level by tectonic forces, Phosphorous is most commonly found in rock formations and ocean sediments as phosphate salts Phosphorus is not very H2O soluble, generally small amounts are available, becoming a limiting factor for plant growth in marine ecosystems., Ocean silicon cycle Diatoms and other organisms produce shells consisting of silicates., Ocean carbon cycle Ocean deposits are by far the biggest sink of carbon on the planet. 25% of atmospheric CO2 enters the ocean by diffusion., In places where plate accretion has occurred, land masses may contain dense, basaltic rocks that are usually indicative of oceanic crust. Evidence of geological accretion is particulary prevalent along the west coast of North America, which contains large areas of accreted rock from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Coast., Geological accretion describes the addition of sediment to tectonic plates through the process of subduction. Subduction causes the formation of an accretionary wedge of material that has been scraped off the subducting plate.